Innovation to Sustainability about Lexus Electric Car Essay

Advancement to Sustainability about Lexus Electric Car - Essay Example The paper tells that Lexus has its central command at Nagoya in Japan and operational focuses in the US and Europe. Through its advancement the executives, Lexus had the option to create Lexus CT 200h arrangement in 2011 which even outperformed Toyota Prius as far as execution and extravagance. Lexus CT 200h is a mixture vehicle which gets its vitality from a fuel motor and electric engines. The intensity of the battery is amazing and transmits 27 kW (kilowatts) of intensity the engines (The three fundamental key developments are; Innovation dependent on critical thinking versus ceaseless advancement, R and D division versus firm-wide advancement and Radical versus gradual advancement. Lexus has picked to utilize radical development over gradual advancement inferable from the way that it has moved totally to crossover vehicles. As per Thomas and Christian, steady advancement is generally excellent for seriousness however much of the time, it is embraced by contenders who need to find driving pioneers. Furthermore, it additionally utilizes advancement through the R and D over firm-wide development. On account of Lexus, their developments are innovation based which frames their quality in planning the Lexus CT 200h arrangement. Specialized advancement is essentially the usage of various types of innovation to think of an item which serious and supportable. Specialized developments are mainstream in the car business in light of the fact that a purchaser is continually searching for a vehicle that has an edge over other as far as innovation. Utilizing innovation, automobile makers can build the solace and proficiency of vehicles. Association Lexus has received the robotic structure which is very detailed so as to deal with the difficulties of assembling their Lexus CT 200h. This type of authoritative structure is additionally useful for empowering the settlement of numerous lines of creation which lead to high creation. For sufficient specialized advancement, mecha nical structuralisation is useful for permitting innovative work with respect to innovation. Be that as it may, late examination attempts to paint the possibility that a mix of robotic structure and natural structure is best feasible developments. Association with regards to advancement the board is worried about the initiative structure and how physical plant. The authority structure or hierarchical structure is conceptualized in the way where work is divided into various errands and their resulting coordination. The vehicle business is exceptionally lapsed whereby there are various degrees of creation of vehicle parts. This is significant in light of the fact that sumptuous vehicles have numerous specialized parts which require specific manufacture.

How has the global political economy changed as a result of the global Assignment

How has the worldwide political economy changed because of the worldwide money related and financial emergency since 2007 - Assignment Example Today, most financial specialists affirm that the most noticeably terrible is behind us. Anyway the aches of the most recent downturn are as yet being felt. The short term isn't ruddy with development figures being minimized by most nations. That the inaccessible future would bring back the delights of blast period is the thing that each country is placing its trust in. Alongside this monetary and money related emergency that has seen joblessness numbers take off, banks breakdown, salaries therapist and request fade, there has been disturbance on the planet political scene also. On the off chance that the financial exchanges are temperamental, so are the administration set ups of numerous countries. Vukovic (2011) keeps up that the purpose behind the emergency lies fundamentally in the political area. He attests that the solid impact of intrigue gatherings, campaigning intensity of budgetary organizations, prompts preference in macroeconomic strategies and wasteful asset assignment. While the forceful, esteemed to be reliable United States is confronting an initiative emergency, there is political disturbance in European nations. Walker (2011) proposes that this emergency of administration is winning, alongside United States, in Europe, Japan and Australia. Moreover this administration deficiency stretches out to establishments like the IMF. The BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are likewise confronting political emergency of sorts as this emergency has saved not many. The current paper takes a gander at the political situation in certain select nations of the world to see how the worldwide money related and monetary emergency since 2007 has affected the worldwide political scene. US of America Duchin (2009) sets up that the banks' political ties assumed a significant job in Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) finance circulation. It was in this way the political activism and not reasonability that represented government spending when downturn was at its pinnacle and the ambushed organizations clamored for money. There has been a political deadlock in the U.S between the Republicans and the democrats as the two gatherings neglected to concur on key issues. To such an extent that the difference between them welcomed the US near the very edge of an obligation default and kept the world on tenterhooks dreading another emergency. The most recent course of action between the two warring groups will empower the U.S government to get cash till the finish of 2012. The administration, on its part will guarantee a spending cut of nearly $1 trillion spread throughout the following decade. Specialists opine that the trade off recipe might be brief and questions like â€Å"where to cut government spending?† could again erupt the political scene. Besides, is the political obliges that will choose whether Obama can go in for the third round of quantitative facilitating or not. India Today (2011) asserts that Barack Obama, the U.S pr esident, has various issues to face, including the first historically speaking FICO score minimization of the US, as he goes for re-appointment. The president would trust that his $447 billion occupations bill converts into good, unmistakable numbers by at that point. The status of the U.S. dollar as the save cash of the world naturally connects the money trade rates with political suggestions. The development of this money prompts political repercussions in the remainder of the world. Germany Greece has been the most recent recipient of salvage advances conceded after the assent of Euro zone pioneers. Germany’s Chancellor Angela Merkel., has experienced harsh criticism from the Christian Democratic Union for her endeavors to make sure about extra bailout assets for Greece. Assessments of public sentiment in the

London 2012: Did the Olympics benefit all, or leave a legacy of widening social inequality?

The Olympic Games have become a much sort after occasion by urban areas around the globe. It is viewed as an open door for the city not exclusively to improve and expand its profile, however grandstand its potential as an appealing spot for speculation (Hiller, 2006, p.318). This article will investigate the sociological effect that the Olympics have had on the city of London and its inhabitants. It will be contended that while there are various positive momentary impacts that accompany facilitating the Olympics, not exclusively are the positive long haul impacts rare, however there is various negative impacts affecting those having a place with the lower financial group.By analyzing what has happened in London and contrasting this specific Olympics with some past urban communities that have played host (Barcelona, Sydney, Athens and so on), this paper will show that while animating monetary development, adding to the transient joy of the occupants and all the more as of late, advanc ing natural supportability, the Olympics for the most part bring not many advantages for socially barred gatherings. Right off the bat, by taking a gander at the historical backdrop of the five London borough’s to be changed by the Olympics, we will look at whether class hypothesis is as yet an important issue for London and in the event that Marx and Webber’s thoughts are still applicable.The contention will, at that point be separated into monetary, social, social and political circles, with each being examined in wording how they were influenced by facilitating the Olympics in London. The Olympics might be of just brief term; anyway its effect and importance may exist a long ways past the occasion itself for the host city (Hiller, 2000, p.440). The most obvious of these effects identifies with the infrastructural enhancements. All host urban areas complete broad recovery of urban territories and in London the majority of this â€Å"clean up and reorientation of cit y spaces† happened in theâ five East London Olympic host wards of Newham, Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Waltham Forest and Greenwich. (LERI, 2007, p. 5).Traditionally, East London has been the core of assembling and mechanical work; it has been home to London’s regular workers and has remained moderately poor contrasted with the remainder of the city. In the most recent decade enhancements in framework and the recovery of London’s docklands has seen the precincts gotten socially energized with little pockets of relative opulence encompassed by the still high centralization of relative destitution. The current day London is incomprehensibly unique to Marx’s nineteenth century form, yet the reappearance of class as a characterizing factor has seen another age of those indeed being impacted by his composition and developmental vision.Marx accepted that class is best comprehended as far as monetary components; his hypothetical model is of a two class structure of p roprietors and non-proprietors (Habibis and Walter, 2009, p. 18). Today’s London isn't unreasonably extraordinary, gravity measures and rising joblessness have extended the bay partitioning the wealthy and the poor. In the New York Times, an article by Katrin Bennhold (2012, April 26) states More than 33% of British land is still in privileged hands, as per a 2010 possession study by Country Life magazine.In the Conservative-Liberal Democrat alliance bureau, 15 of the 23 clergymen went to Oxford or Cambridge. In light of this, Webber’s multidimensional model of imbalance and his contention that it is power instead of class that at last decides the appropriation of assets in the public arena (Habibis and Walter, 2009, p.19) can be utilized to clarify how London is at present being administered. Webber set a lot of accentuation available and in doing so had the option to represent the significance of non-material assets, for example, instruction and aptitudes. A large po rtion of those living in the East London in the number one spot up to the Olympics were youthful, coming up short on appropriate training or aptitude base and along these lines had almost no relationship to the market, thus, no power.Like Webber, Bourdieu additionally accepted that non-monetary components were significant as wellsprings of social force (Habibas and Walter, 2009, p. 50). He would have made a big deal about the way that, of London’s world class and the individuals who presently hold power, most went to the equivalent renowned tuition based schools, along these lines making â€Å"social and social capital† to use as an asset that couple of in the eastern precincts could even dream of. Ahead of the pack up to the London 2012 Olympics the world was gone up against with what has become referred to now as the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). This financial downturn prompted an expansion in joblessness and destitution all through the world, especially on accou nt of those previously having a place with socially prohibited groups.Social rejection relates not exclusively to monetary impediment yet incorporates the avoidance of individuals or gatherings from investment in standard social and financial life (Habibis and Walter 2009, p.78). The effect of the GFC was accounted for as leaving an entire age of youngsters with circumstances that don’t satisfy their yearnings, to where they may relinquish trust later on by any means. The emergency implies they perpetually face less and less generously compensated section level employments at each level, from graduate openings to plant work (Apps, 2011).This distress prompted the London revolts just a year prior to the city was to have the Olympics. London’s Olympic offer was advanced as being pointed legitimately at building up a broad reestablishment procedure to address the social and monetary issues looked by those living in the eastern wards (LERI, 2007, p. 5). In financial terms, the infrastructural advancements and enormous structure ventures are significant on account of their capacity to pull in speculation and increment business openings. For London, the games related development movement is evaluated to help a  £13.5 billion commitment to the UK GDP and what could be compared to 267, 000 years of work in the UK economy somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2017 (Oxford Economics, 2012, p.2).However, national figures from December 2012 show a decrease of 25 000 development employments during the year (Molds, 2012). Ahead of the pack up to the Athens Olympics in 2004, business went up by 7%, anyway once the games were over Greek industry lost 70 000 positions, for the most part in development (LERI, 2007, p.55). The financial advantages from the leader advancements and significant ventures should channel down to all gatherings after some time, yet for socially prohibited gatherings, there are regularly no advantages. Rather, the effects are regularly nega tive, with house costs rising and the average cost for basic items expanding. â€Å"Those who advantage are the current resource holders and princely center class† (Ryan-Collins and Jackson, 2008, p.4). The social and social effects of facilitating the Olympics have in the past been progressively about the ‘feel good’ parts of the games (Smith, 2009, p.117), than a specific type of social sustainability.Past Olympic host urban areas, especially Atlanta, Athens and Sydney, have endeavored to utilize the games as an open door for long haul social heritages. Anyway investigate proposes that Sydney was the main city where an inheritance for a socially avoided gathering (the Homelessness Protocol) was enduring (Minnaert, 2011, p.370). For East London, three significant changes have occurred since the Olympics. Right off the bat, transport administrations to the region, particularly Stratford have been drastically improved. Furthermore, so as to contend with the giga ntic new Westfield strip mall, the neighborhood Stratford mall was given a makeover, yet is as yet giving modest, reasonable merchandise for low pay families.And at last, nearby schools have profited to the degree that they have lifted their presentation from exceptionally poor to have the option to rival the national levels (Power, 2012). Minnaert (2011, p.363) has perceived three developing Olympic inheritances for socially barred gatherings; aptitudes/chipping in, work, and sports investment. The Olympics has been recognized as giving chipping in programs that improve abilities and employability, yet Hiller (2006, p.320) features that the model for the Olympic volunteer is most appropriate to basically clerical workers.The greater part of London’s jobless are youthful, with a poor instruction and little expertise base. As brought up by Habibis and Walter (2009, p. 134) our own is an information based society and the individuals who have the information and aptitudes (the p rofoundly instructed) are the ones who access the prizes. A similar issue applies while checking on expanded business open doors for the host city populace. While it is bounteously clear that indeed, there are more occupations, most are not equitably disseminated; business openings as a rule advantage the individuals who as of now have what it takes and training required to look for and get work, with or without, these expanded chances (Minneart, 2011, p. 363).The monetary effect of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games (2012, p.32) states that 3000 beforehand jobless specialists (70% of them from the host wards) were utilized in the development of the Olympic Park and Athletes town, yet these occupations are probably not going to be perpetual as examination into the heritages of the Barcelona and Athens Olympics recommends that activity creation will in general be impermanent, regularly filled by vagrant and transient laborers, with practically no adjustment in by and large work rates (East Thames Group, 2007 p.4).One of London’s guarantees during the offering for the 2012 Olympic games was to motivate another age to take up sport (DCMS, 2012, p.3). In the pastâ the Olympics has been connected to expanded cooperation in sport (Minnaert, 2011, p.363), yet there is little to recommend that these new members are from any socially prohibited gatherings. In spite of the fact that cash, or absence of it, might have an influence in this, another repressing component is that sport inclusion is likewise connected to social capital (Minnaert, 2011, p.363). Bourdieu utilized social capital t

Poetry Essay Essay Essays

Verse Essay Essays Verse Essay Verse Essay Paper Topic: Poes Poetry The Poems Of Billy Collins In the stanza structures ‘How to Eat a Poem’ by Eve Merriam and ‘Introduction to Poetry’ by Billy Collins. of import musings are introduced about how poesy ought to be experienced and delighted in. The artists utilized the methods broadened representation. rehash. representations and embodiment to demo me how these contemplations is of import. In ‘How to Eat a Poem’ by Eve Merriam. the author depicts how poesy is to be experienced. Verse doesn’t need any habits and has no guidelines. â€Å"Don’t be neighborly/Bite in. † is a delineation of just jumping in to verse in light of the fact that it’s got no habits and it’s for everybody. â€Å"It is prepared and full grown at this point. at whatever point you are. † Shows us that poesy is for everybody. Verse neer goes off on the grounds that it at any point composed on paper. It’s non hard you don’t hold to be cagey to luxuriate poesy in light of the fact that it’s ever there to be perused. Verse is to be experienced and delighted in by anybody. In the stanza structure ‘How to Eat a Poem’ . the procedures of Extended allegory and rehash are utilized to demo me the of import idea. Expanded representation us utilized in the lines â€Å" Pick it up with your fingers and cream the juice that. /May hotfoot down your mentum. /It is prepared and full grown at this point. at whatever point you are. † To contrast delicious natural product with poesy. Through creation this. the artist encourages me comprehend that poesy is tied in with sing poesy. what's more, non holding back yet in actuality making a plunge. It other than encourages me comprehend that you can be chaotic and relax your section structure. Rehash is utilized in the lines â€Å"or root/or skin/or pit/or seed or covering. † To contrast poesy with the inside of a natural product. Making this has helped me comprehend that sonnets aren’t troublesome. that they are fun and don’t have the awful spot of a natural product. That it’s genuinely scrumptious and anybody can make it. These two methods help contrast delicious natural product with sonnets. In the refrain structure ‘Introduction to Poetry’ the artist shows me the of import considered holding cheerfulness. Sonnets are made to hold joy for everyone non just cleverest individuals. It’s for individuals who like holding happiness. â€Å"I need them to waterski/over the outside of a section structure/surrendering at the essayists name on the shore. † The essayist is other than trying to state you to non over examine things. In the section structure it expresses that all we need to make is torment it and procure an admission out of it. Sonnets are to be tied in with holding happiness. non looking to happen each conceivable hugeness and to simply plane across securing the considerations that the artist needs us unnecessarily. Sonnets are tied in with holding cheerfulness and non over breaking down them. In the stanza structure ‘Introduction to Poetry’ . the methods similitude and representation are utilized to demo me the of import idea. Illustration is utilized in the lines â€Å"I need them to waterski/over the outside of a section structure/enticing at the journalists name on a superficial level. † Which looks at waterskiing and holding cheerfulness to a refrain structure that is fun and extricate uping. This causes me comprehend that poesy is fun and relax uping just like waterskiing. At the point when you envision yourself waterskiing you envision a lively twenty-four hours. hurrying along resiling all over on moving edges while coaxing to your companions on the shore in the sand. Sonnets are simply a similar you can lounge through riming or using introductory rhyme. All the methods that make a section structure cheer and satisfying to create and peruse. Embodiment is utilized in the lines â€Å" But all they need to make/is attach the refrain structure to a seat with a rope/and anguish an admission out of it† to contrast official up a person with a seat and trying to get an admission out of it. Over examining a section structure and taking significances that aren’t intended to be then again of taking the idea that the artist attempts to pass on. Making this the artist causes me comprehend that poesy is to be about the pictures or the significances that the writer is expressing you. That poesy doesn’t request to be â€Å" attached to a seat and tortured† . so it gives an admission that it doesn’t must be a specialist that requirements to break down it. anybody can make it. Verse is planned to be appreciated. anybody can make it. it doesn’t request to be over dissected. Both of these refrain structures have helped me see increasingly about poesy and what it’s around. That poesy is tied in with holding cheerfulness and to be experienced by everybody. Anybody and everybody can relax section structures. they don’t must be the cleverest or the most brilliant to get poesy. I think these two refrain structures speak to what stanza structures are about.

The Content Review of the Website - As You Sow Article

The Content Review of the Website - As You Sow - Article Example The creator is believable enough given the strategy where the data has been incorporated and spoken to given additionally this is an enrolled cause. Additionally, this data has been gotten from legitimate sources so this loans more prominent believability to it. The data spoke to on this page is just halfway complete as it covers open restricted organizations in huge part. Notwithstanding, the exactness of the data isn't contestable as the creator has included references to his wellspring of data. The creator has introduced the points of view of his association on corporate social obligation utilizing appropriately refered to authentic sources including reports and meeting procedures. References to the data are inescapable all through the report and the creator has made it a point to reinforce his contentions by introducing references before propelling his contention. The record and the site are both refreshed given the condition of the issues recorded. Likewise, the site shows curre nt issues from 2012 in its menu which additionally focuses to the way that the site is routinely refreshed. The present page on corporate social duty tends to the issue from an assortment of points of view. The creator initially characterizes corporate social duty and afterward relates corporate social obligation to supportability. This is trailed by a conversation of socially mindful financial specialists and corporate social obligation. At long last, the creator relates worldwide revealing rules for corporate social obligation and the record closes with a connection for advisers for corporate social duty reports and assets.

How to Build a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

How to Build a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) © Shutterstock.com | Bakhtiar ZeinIn this article we focus on the topic of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). We start with a deep dive in 1) SOA: a description and going then to discuss 2) building a Service Oriented Architecture.SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE: A DESCRIPTIONWhat is SOA?SOA or Service-oriented Architecture is a method through which different types of services can interact with each other independently. A service is a self-contained part of the functionality, and several services can be combined to provide use and functionality of a software application on a large scale. What SOA does is that it makes it simpler for software parts on PCs that are connected to a network to interact and cooperate. The design pattern of SOA is such that applications components in it can offer services to other such components mostly over a network. Each and every computer system can run any number of services, each of which is built to exchange information with any other different serv ice in a network without human help.In business terminology, SOA is a set of business-aligned IT services which together address the goals and processes of the business company. The structural design of SOA makes sure that there is an alignment with the requirements of the business as well as the technological solution of the same.The major elements of SOAHere are the major elements of SOA:SOA Drivers SOA drivers or enterprise business drivers include things like competition, strategy, regulatory forces and market forces. All these things come together to drive the business architecture and to give a shape to business-wide performance managementSOA enablers The five main SOA enablers are Enterprise business model, Business performance optimization, Portfolio Rationalization, Enterprise Semantics definition and Key performance indicators. Having a business model is important for the correct alignment of services with the aims and goals of the business. The semantic information mode l gives the common and general business related information for a given enterprise. Key performance indicators or KPIs make the assessment of the impact of SOA possible and make the measurement of business processes easier. On the other hand, portfolio rationalization makes consolidation and simplification of applications, data and infrastructure possible.SOA Implementation As far as implementation is concerned, business services and processes are the main aspects. Business processes are mostly associated with business goals and objectives of operations whereas, on the other hand, business services must be well aligned and are critical to flexible and successful SOA implementation. Some of the other aspects related to SOA implementation are Enterprise content repositories, semantic messaging and integration services. The information represents the data resources of the company, and this data is passed in the form of documents that provide a kind of semantic messages between service s and processes.SOA Support All the functions and elements from the existing applications and systems are made available and usable to the services with the support of some integration services that take off covers from the existing functions via new service interfaces.The Main Principles of SOAThe following is the list of the main principles of SOA:Service architecture The physical layout or design of individual services that surpass all the resources that were used by a service.Service composition architecture All the services developed using service-oriented design methods are composition centric, and this is their main feature. This architecture, therefore, is the composition of individual architectures of various services.Service inventory architecture This architecture is formed from the service inventory blueprint where the service inventory is made up of services that automate the procedures of businesses.Service-oriented enterprise architecture This type constitutes of composition, service as well as inventory architectures.The Evolution of SOA ConceptMonolithic design This design was related to relatively unstructured procedural codingObject and structure oriented design This is the design that involves program units based on functionalities.Client-server design (two-tier design) This is the concept of distributed design and is related to bundling of functionalities into two tiers.Distributed object design (multitier design) This design involves object interactions in a heterogeneous environment and distributed object design.Component object model architecture This is a design in which there is an aggregation of items into logic based parts with strongly types as well as a well-defined interface.Service oriented architecture This is a design that involves interactions and communications between coarse-grained services with standard interfaces for a flexible interoperations.SOA and JAVAMany developers think that SOA, as well as web services , are synonymous with one another, but this is not true. They may also believe that it is just not possible to build SOA without using web services but in reality, SOA is a design principle but web services are a kind of an implementation technology. This means that SOA can be in fact built without making use of implementation technology of a certain kind. But Java is another kind of a traditional technology which can be used to develop or build Service Oriented Architecture.The main aim of SOA is to develop a loose coupling between modules, and an application can be built where the modules are not coupled with one another too tightly. This kind of a structure can be built or formed with the help of JAVA.What are the characteristics of SOA?Loose connection The services in SOA are linked together loosely to form one connection. This gives a presupposition to the modicum of the interdependence between each service. The main idea is to reduce the interdependence to the level where com patibility is still maintained.The standardized services interface One basic requirement of SOA is the need for standardization of interfaces as well as details. The details must include which data is needed, how a service can be used and how rules have to be applied.Reusability In SOA, reusability of services is possible down the process chain by other parties as well and for other types of purposes also.Findability of a service Another characteristic is that a service must easily be found in order to use it. To all consumers, service repositories are made available, and such repositories consist of the interface and implementation method of service.Service autonomy Every service must be able to work and function independently. This term points to those services that are self-sufficient and are capable of managing resources, logic, and the environment on their own.Capacity for service orchestration This is a process where an individual service is combined with other such servi ces to result in larger business processes or units. This is a further characteristic or requirement for SOA.Statelessness of services Performance of services is based on the concept that a defined service is rendered. This takes into account retention of data but only if the requirement is specified or requested especially.Advantages and benefits of SOABetter returns on investment One of the greatest benefits of SOA is that it offers a superb return on investment. Since the process involves the creation of robust layers, each of these service layers offer a better return on the investment that was done to create the software.Code mobility This is yet another important benefit of SOA and is possible because there is a location transparency in Service Oriented Architecture. Most clients do not care where the services are located because there is a dynamic binding as well as the lookup to services. This means that the businesses using SOA can move services to different machines or move it to external service providers.The reusability Another advantage of SOA is that the various codes and services can be used over and over again. There is the convenience of run-time service reuse, and it is as easy as finding a service in the directory and binding to it. The developers do not have to worry about platforms and other incompatibilities.Support for various client types Any company can use multiple client types and multiple clients to access a service in SOA. This is because in such a structure or concept, the layers have been divided into service, and client layers and various client types are simpler to implement.A higher level of availability Several servers have several cases of services using them due to the fact that SOA support location transparency. This means that the overall availability is very high. For example, if a machine or a part of a network stops working or has some issue, the requests can be redirected to other services without the client kno wing it or being bothered by it.Fewer defects This is a major advantage of SOA. The probability of defects is much lower, and the overall testing is a lot better due to published interfaces of services that can be tested easily. More testing translates to a greater level of accuracy and fewer defects.SOA ChallengesLack of Testing Space One of the biggest challenges in SOA is the lack of testing space. In a typical architecture, there are no well-formed or sophisticated tools or methods to test a headless service such as a message or database service. The main objective of SOA is to offer agility to companies and businesses. But due to lack of horizontal trust, one needs to invest in a testing framework that would make the challenge easier.Manage Services Metadata This is a common and very obvious challenge of SOA. Managing the services metadata is not just tough but often very complicated. A service based architectural space involves services interacting with each other by exchan ging message. In such a scenario, a single services may sometimes have millions of messages generated. Managing these many services can become very difficult especially when the services are delivered by different companies and departments within a company. This creates many trust issues.Providing right levels of the security Another challenge of SOA is providing appropriate levels of security. The application-managed security is not the correct method or model for securing services because security models designed into applications cannot suffice when the application shows itself to others.Interoperability This becomes a crucial aspect of SOA implementations. Often, in the pursuit to reduce or decrease the interdependence of services, the compatibility between them may reduce but the dependence has to be reduced to such a level that compatibility can still be maintained.Vendor hype There is a significant vendor hype related to SOA, and this creates a certain level of undue expec tations. While there are many advantages of SOA, it can have several disadvantages as well. For example, SOA does not guarantee a reduction in IT costs and does not even promise improvement in agility of systems. Thus, it would be better if there was a clear distinction between hype and reality.BUILDING A SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURESOA FrameworkTo understand how SOA is built, you will first need to understand what its framework is.SOA is viewed as 5 different horizontal layers which are:Consumer interface layer-These are the apps that access service or app interfaces.Business process layer-This is a layer that is a service that represents business use-cases as far as applications are concerned.Services Many services are clubbed together for creating a whole enterprise.Service components These are those components or parts that are used to build services like technological interfaces and technical libraries, etc.Operational systems This is the layer that contains technical patte rns, data models, and data repository, etc.The following are the vertical layers of SOA framework which are applied to and supported by the horizontal ones:Integration layer This layer consists of protocol support or platform integration, data integration, application and service integration, etc.Quality of service The factors that comprise of the quality of service include availability, security, performance and others.Informational This layer mainly does the job of providing business related information.Governance This layer or IT strategy layer is governed by horizontal layers in order to reach capability, as well as operating model, as needed.SOA Implementation Framework (SOAIF)SOA implementation needs and requires run-time infrastructural software as well as tools. This can be collectively referred to as service-oriented architecture implementation framework or SOAIF. This concept aims for a comprehensive framework that offers all kinds of technology which a business may re quire to not only build but also run SOA. An SOAIF consists of and includes both run-time and design-time capabilities. It also includes software functionality that a company may need to run an SOA and also build it, including service-oriented:ModelingIntegrationToolsManagementSecurityProcessesApproaches to SOAThere are three major types or methods or approaches that have been emerging for club information, disparate and systems in a business. As different service providers and businesses race towards providing solutions to customers and consumers, these approaches help to meet the requirements for coarse-grained, loosely clubbed and asynchronous services.1.     The Enterprise Service BusThe first approach that helps to build and implement an optimal SOA is the enterprise service bus or ESB. This approach helps to coordinate and arrange the different elements that are in the form of distributed services on a network. This approach considers the systems to be discrete and distributed services that connect to one another through message oriented infrastructure that is asynchronous. This kind of a message-oriented infrastructure makes it possible to have loosely coupled connections between independent services or modules.2.     Business Process ManagementMany companies, for many years now, have tried to solve business process problems by the implementation of Business Process Management approach. This approach takes into consideration the IT assets and systems as activities or tasks that participate in well synchronized and well-orchestrated business procedures.     BPM tools are mainly used at the time of modeling and designing procedures rather than using them to construct processes that can reach integration objectives. This is the main challenge of BPM. By BPM solutions on their own are enough to meet SOA requirements because they do not consist of the runtime environment that is needed for loosely coupled modules.3.     Service Oriented IntegrationThe third and the last approach to proper implementation of SOA is the service-oriented integration approach. This particular approach makes use of the architectural guiding rules or principles to build an environment or ecosystem of services that businesses can combine dynamically and create superior level processes that can meet ever changing and evolving requirements. This approach moves past tightly coupled and brittle modules by creating a distinction between the consumer and producer of a service. It thus imposes the aspect of loose coupling that is needed to implement SOA properly to meet business requirements. Even this approach by itself isn’t sufficient to guarantee long time running interactions between services.The Best practices for building an SOAWhile building an SOA, one must follow some of the best and most advantages practices. These practices are given as follows:Implementation technologies are much hyped, and one must remember not to jump to them because of their popular ity. One must consider carefully whether or not the web services make more sense for their requirement and need. It is important to remember that building service-oriented applications by making use of technologies like RMI may be more suitable for a business’s case rather than web services.One must remember not to create or build very tightly linked or coupled modules as this leads to a brittle set up or infrastructure.It is important to maintain interoperability and for these, one must follow the WS-I best practices.If you don’t see any sense in using web services, then there are many other alternative options as well which can be chosen.

Community Development, Theories, and Principles - 2200 Words

Community Development, Theories, and Principles (Essay Sample) Content: Community Development, Theories, and PrinciplesNameInstitutionCommunity Development, Theories, and PrinciplesAbstractThis paper seeks to critically discuss the understanding of community development, theories, and principles and examine the importance of social work when it comes to community development. Clarifying the meaning of community development involves paying attention to the term community and development. Thus, the paper first provides an overview of both terms and outlines the essential objective of community development based on community participation organization and capacity building. Additionally, this entry examines the role of social work theories and principles in social work practice and community development. In particular, the paper links the concept of community development with the collective response to the social demographic change and how it can be used by social workers to achieve social change in Aotearoa New Zealand. The paper covers wh at is argued as the key principles that underpin proper community development practices in the country within the formal setting of indigenous Mauri and other emerging communities.IntroductionThe twentieth century is making a significant turn toward community development as well as the value of community social work. The community is of critical importance to the lives of people, which fundamentally prompts the needs of having the skill, abilities, and knowledge of community practices. Community development is essentially the most practical framework for the social worker who is seeking for a change of the community and individual in a given society. According to Hugman (2010), the fundamental objective of a social work professional is to promote a social change and to solve problems in the human relationship while strengthening and empowering the liberation of people to enhance their well-being. It focuses on the centrality of the oppressed individuals in the society with the objec tive to overcome externally imposed social problems (Hettne, 2009). Accordingly, community development assumes great importance in various aspect of social work; correspondingly, social work shares the doctrines of community development.The most commonly held meaning of community refers to people who are living in a given location and have a face-to-face contact with one another. Based on this assertion, Craig et al. (2011) classify a social community as a pre-industrial formation in a situation where face-to-face is possible whether in rural or tribal societies. However, according to Arensberg (2017), the new society has emerged with the changes in industrial society and today; people are more and more deflecting from face-to-face contact and moving to web community, social media community, and online groups. For this research, the term community refers to a place-based conceptualization of community with common interest and with similar social changes. Precisely, this is based on the theory of human ecology, which explains that a community is more of a structure of the relationship through which a place-based population meets the daily need of that given structure (Matarrita-Cascante Brennan, 2012). In other words, for a community to function, the compositional factors, which include the structural aspects of growth such as poverty environment, housing, and their physical location, are essential.Therefore, community development encompasses the diverse effort from different people within a place-based community to correct the distortion and mitigate the consequences of a historical pattern that affect that given community. On this note, Kenny (2011), asserts that community development been identified as a core social work method to work with the place-based community. In particular, the community that is marginalized, disenfranchised and faces with numerous social issues mostly from unjust policies and planning at a local, state, national and global levels ( Ife, 2013).Precisely, the failure of social democratic to address human needs has become apparent from the wide gap between the rich and the poor, increase in poverty levels, crimes, hunger, and social unrest in the different part of the world. Correspondingly Kieran et al., (2015) view community development as a process, not a job that characterizes a given perspective about the world.Markedly, social work has, over the years become a fundamental tool in addressing such human suffering and injustices particularly through charity. However, according to Ife (2013), these efforts seem not to work, as such, community development solutions are needed to address the most contemporary social issues. Kenny (2011) argues that community development, therefore, is a means of empowering the place-based communities to take a viable collective control for their development. The primary focus of such approach is to help communities take an independent decision when it comes to addressing the ne eds that they know affect them the most (Weil et al., 2012). Notably, social work as a field plays a critical role in ensuring that the community is empowered to take autonomous actions that transform them and their future generation.Relationship between Social Work Theories and PrinciplesSocial principles are fundamental in defining community development in action. The relationship between social work theories and principle is often termed as praxis, which essentially provides a foundation of community development (Westoby and Dowling, 2013). According to Eversole (2015) when one brings the term theory and practice together, the link between explanation, assumption and everyday activities and strategies are brought to light. In this sense, when one brings theory and practice in community development, the theoretical understanding of how the society work and how the community member would like it to work is brought together, which created a strategy that can help address the needs of the community (Ledwith, 2011).Role of Social Work Theories and Principles in Social Work Practice and Community DevelopmentHealy (2014) has examined numerous theories, framework, and perspective in social work. He has particularly emphasized on the practice framework, three of which he noted are useful in community development. The three are an ecosystem, community change model and strength perspective (Kieran et al, 2015). The ecosystem perspective is perhaps the most used practice perspective in social work. In essence, this is because of its ability to provide a conceptual lens through which social structure can be viewed and analyzed. Using the concept of ecological perspective, theorists Pincus and Minahan developed a social system theory, which fundamentally underpins the knowledge development of social work development (Teater, 2014). System theory focuses on the interaction within multiple social systems. Such includes the interpersonal relationships between family, frien ds and the community at large. According to Healy (2014), the enduring popularity of system theories in social work and practice is directly attributed to the long-standing mission of social work to understand and respond to people needs and their environment.Nevertheless, although the ecosystem perspective is a useful way to know the elements and dynamics involved in social work practice, it is not particularly helpful when it comes to interventions. Such is achieved through the use of practice models. Thus, the practice model according to Healy (2014) refers to the social work principles that guide intervention. In social work, these include the ideas that are intended to help a social work professional to clarify a complex social problem that the community face. Through such models, a social worker can use his or her professional objectivity and judgment to address each unique situation that the community is experiencing. Practice model is useful in differentiating between the forms that a community work intervention could take. The strength perspective represents the traditional perspective of social work, one that has been lost over the years but recently reclaimed to meet modern demands. Regarding strength perspective, everything that a social worker profession does is based on the principle of helping the community discover a disturbing problem by exploring and exploiting their strengths rather than focusing on the social issue.Social Work Theories and Principles of Social Work and Community Development in Aotearoa New ZealandAotearoa New Zealand is unique regarding its physical location and its unique history. The community development practice in Aotearoa operates in a bicultural context. The first is the pre-colonization where Maori, the indigenous people developed a model of society, which was communal, and held a sacred relationship with the colonizing power, Britain (Communities, 2010). In particular, the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti O Waitang i) was established as a constitutional document aimed to preserve and protect Maori as the indigenous population while validating others who came after Maori (O'Malley et al., 2011). Secondly, as the process of colonization developed in 1800, the immigrants from the United Kingdom brought with them models of care and support for the vulnerable members of the community (Aimers Walker, 2013). Groups were established for this support, mostly under the auspices of the church (Aimers Walke, 2016).Accordingly, the Treaty of Waitangi has a critical relevance when it comes to the practice of community development. In particular, because it related to Maori self-determination and ways in which the treaty is applied in the everyday decision making of community organizations. The key principle in Aotearoa context is to have an understanding of the indigenous framework, which involves understanding the treaty of Waitangi (Kieran et al....

What Is a Double in C, C++ and C# Programming

The double is a fundamental data type built into the compiler and used to define numeric variables holding numbers with decimal points. C, C,  C# and many other programming languages recognize the double as a type. A double type can represent fractional as well as whole values. It can contain up to 15 digits in  total, including those before and after the decimal point.   Uses for Double The float type, which has a smaller range, was used at one time because it was faster than the double when dealing with thousands or millions of floating-point numbers. Because calculation speed has increased dramatically with new processors, however, the advantages of floats over doubles are negligible. Many programmers consider the double type to be the default when working with numbers that require decimal points.   Double vs. Float and Int Other data types include  float  and  int. The double and float types are similar, but they differ in precision and range: A float is a single precision, 32-bit floating-point data type that accommodates seven digits. Its range is approximately  1.5 Ãâ€" 10−45  to 3.4 Ãâ€" 1038.A double is a double-precision, 64-bit floating-point data type. It accommodates 15 to 16 digits, with a range of  approximately  5.0  Ãƒâ€"  10−345  to 1.7  Ãƒâ€"  10308. The int also deals with data, but it serves a different purpose. Numbers without fractional parts or any need for a decimal point can be used  as  int. Thus, the int type holds only whole numbers, but it takes up less space, the arithmetic is usually faster, and it uses caches and data transfer bandwidth more efficiently than the other types.

The Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood - 1744 Words

Procreation is a driving force that manifests itself differently within the numerous characters in Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s tale. Social classes are structured on the basis of child rearing, and sexuality is used as a tool to control the lives of citizens living within Gileadean society. People of different classes experience different motivating forces in relation to the goal of procreation rather than simply continuing the civilization. The whole class system is also based entirely off of fertility, although in private the separation of the classes may become less defined. This system is reinforced through many control tactics which affects those of a lower class in a negative manner. This is evident in many areas of the†¦show more content†¦She experiences a push factor to conceive, with consequences as severe as death if she can not. â€Å"He could fake the tests, report me for cancer, for infertility, have me shipped off to the Colonies, wit h the Unwomen† (Atwood, 76). This quote demonstrates the extent to which she would be punished if she could not conceive. The Colonies are a place where people are sent as punishment to clean up radioactive waste which lowers their life expectancies drastically. Serena Joy will be used as a symbol for all women of higher class. She, unlike Offred, experiences a pull factor. Having a baby is an attractive thought to her, but if she is not able to have one through a handmaid there are no consequences. For her, she wishes for the sympathy and attention of others. We see this when another Wife has a baby which she later loses named Angela, when this is said about the Wives’ behaviour: â€Å"On these days the Wives hang around for hours, helping to open the presents, gossiping, getting drunk. Something has to be done to dispel their envy† (Atwood, 170) . This demonstrates the reason for which these women want children. The Wives live in their own bubble, where theyâ⠂¬â„¢re infatuated with each other and keep to themselves. They all want to be the reason for each other’s envy. The commander, like the rest of Gileadean society, is very political in his wishes. Just as his Wife wishes for the status that comes with having a child, so does he. As a supporter of

The Need for Stricter Enforcement of Gun Laws in China Argumentative Essay Examples

The debate over the need for a more strict enforcement of gun laws in China is mainly based on the argument that such enforcement could help in reducing violent crime. The year 1966 brought about changes for the Republic of China concerning gun laws and its effects on violent crime. According to Moxley (2010), Moa and the Communist Party implemented one of the strictest gun laws in the history of the world. Areddy (2008) included in his research the laws that were enforced â€Å"forbidding the private manufacture, sale, transport, possession, import or export of bullets and guns, including replicas† (p. A17). Even with the strict gun laws in China, gun crime is on the rise; each week there are reports related to gun associated crimes, but follow up on these cases is negligent. Areddy (2008) indicates that China’s zero-tolerance for guns and criminal acts involving guns does not coincide with the country’s constant raids, smuggling of guns, murder and gun related violence (p. A17). Moxley (2010) shows that for the last three years gun associated violence in China has been rare, but the recent accession in firearm related violence could be attributed to illegal businesses operations, increased media relevancy, availability of ammunitions, and to the lack of enforcement regarding gun laws. China, one of the largest manufacturers of guns, needs to have stricter enforcement of gun laws to reduce incidences of gun associated violence. Problem Background The implementation of gun laws in China was mainly to reduce gun associated crime through reduction of the number of people owning guns, prohibition of firearm manufacture, importation and exportation, and restriction of firearm trade. These laws were implemented in 1966 after children shot down a window while trying to shoot a sparrow using a rifle in Beijing. But even with these measures, the growth of technology with the Internet, film making, and the use of media through magazines and web sites over the last decade has resulted in an increase in gun associated crimes. This rise can be attributed to the existent inequality in the country on matters pertaining to social benefits. So wealthier people can buy their special privileges for gun ownership because of their connections with higher officials; the poorer population has to steal or smuggle guns and ammunitions whether it is for hunting or criminal acts. With China being the largest manufacture of guns, a portion of manufactured firearms ends up on the black market; this is related to control within the factories, where employees or outsiders steal the ammunition. Securities within the country need to investigate why and how ammunitions end up on the black market and what can be done to reduce or eliminate this problem. According to Moxley (2010), there was a large concentrated effort in 2009 to clean-up organized crime in Chongqing City; this led police to net 48 guns and arrest 2000 suspects. Also, the operation helped in uncovering conspiracies between criminals and China’s leadership officials. Moxley (2010) noted that â€Å"the Chongqing cases tell us that in some places the local government has a beneficial relationship with the local crime groups; they turn a blind eye when it concerns illegal gun use.† Xiu (2010) argues that organized crime is responsible for activities such as money laundering, prostitution, and smuggling of firearms in China; these activities are mainly done alongside legitimate businesses which is a hindrance for police to catch criminals (p. 1). Xiu also gives the example of one wealthy man, Li Quiang, who directed his employees to implement criminal activities in the name of increasing profits. These profits were used to further the business dealings, pay legal fees for employees that were being investigated for criminal activities, and for bribe and wage payment. This is probably one of the best explanations of how guns end up in the hands of criminals giving them opportunities to commit violent acts of crime and murder. Moxley (2010) notes that the rise in gun crimes in China has been further increased by the emergence of a gun culture in the country. One magazine, Small Arms, has about 60,000 subscribers. The magazine has features on guns and the large following shows just how much the country’s population is becoming fascinated with guns. Such magazines provide the required information on gun usage and different gun features and so when a person can acquire a gun from the black market and learn how to use it from the magazine. Moxley (2010) also points out that freshman students in the country can now receive marksmanship training. Some of these students use the skills they acquire from the training to gain entry into gangs. They then become marksmen for the gangs and illegal traders hence increasing the level of gun crime in the country. This issue should be addressed by ensuring that students are made aware of the possible implications of misuse of their skills; this would help avoid a si tuation where the country is training its top gun criminals. Crimes committed with the use of a Gun Within the last three years crimes committed with the use of a gun have been on the rise in China and hence the implication that such crimes are a major concern to the country. According to McClatchy (2011), three policemen were killed and six people wounded by two men carrying a handmade pistol and a shotgun in Beijing in 2010. Five policemen and two auxiliary police were shot with the shotgun resulting in the death of three of the officers. Amongst some of the notorious crimes committed with the use of a gun there was one noted in the year 2010 according to Moxley (2010) â€Å"a security guard in Hunan province in south-central China, apparently upset by a court-imposed divorce settlement, shot and killed three judges and wounded three others before turning the gun on himself.† Areddy (2008) also gives an example of a man in northeast China who in 2007 went on a shooting rampage killing five members in his family and an unmentioned number amount of nearby neighbors using a homemade gun (p. A17). The examples quoted above are just but a few incidences of gun related crimes; it is hence necessary that stricter gun laws are enforced to reduce this incidences. Omission of Evidence Gun crimes in China have been a rare occurrence for a long time, so rare that law officers often do not carry firearms. China attributes this to strict enforcement of gun laws. The irony is that even with these crimes being rare, the security agencies are still buying bullet proof accessories and cars. Areddy (2008) points out that â€Å"at a police-gear trade show in Beijing last April, bulletproof vests bearing Chinese police logos were on display, along with bulletproof BMWs and Jaguars† (p. A17).   Such displays show that though the Chinese police may believe that gun crimes are rare in the country, they have still not yet ruled out the possibility of such crimes occurring. This brings about the argument that the security agencies may not be releasing all the information on reported gun crime cases. Areddy (2008) points out that these trials are not always open to the general public so important evidence can be concealed. This could also relate back to what was mentioned about underground organized crime groups.   False reporting of crimes committed with firearms does not give validity to the comparison of crime per capita. This concealing of evidence shows that the magnitude of gun crimes in China may be greater than reported by the police. This may be because the police are giving false information about gun crimes to show they are still in control of the security situation of their country. Smuggling and Selling of Guns in the Black Market The increase of gun associated crimes in China brings about the issue of where the guns are coming from in the country. China, being the largest manufacturer of firearms, has to contend with the stealing and illegal selling of ammunitions; this makes enforcement of gun laws harder. Security agencies in China have to deal with underground organizations that operate secretly to smuggle and sell guns illegally; these makes exposing of illegal activities by police hard. The making of homemade guns and ammunitions is one of the reasons responsible for the increase of criminal activities and illegal profits underground organizations. Xiu (2010) notes that orders for guns are secretly made in hidden grottos and basements, and then transported discreetly to organized criminals (p. 14). The police securities are continuously looking for and have busted workshops that manufacture guns and ammunitions illegally in China. Areddy (2008) states that people are illegally importing guns imitations (p. A17). Increased availability can correlate with the increase in gun associated crimes.   The escalation of technology, namely the Internet, makes smuggling of guns even more inviting to criminals. Moxley (2010) noted that â€Å"Small Arms†, a small bi-weekly glossy magazine, has 60,000 subscribers, and guns are regularly featured in Chinese films†.   The evolution of technology has made access to owning firearms and ammunition easier. Confiscation of Firearms China has some of the toughest gun laws in comparison to other countries based on crimes per capita on gun associated crimes. According to Areddy ( 2008), â€Å"a six-month campaign this year netted 79,000 guns, 1.8 million replica guns and 5.75 million bullets, the Ministry of Public Security said last month† (A17). In the last three years, China has had the Internet to compete with in trying to enforce gun laws. Investigations in the last five months of 2010 have led to the confiscation of firearms and the arrest of suspects. Xinhua News Agency (Anonymous, 2010), stated â€Å"a total of 590 guns were seized and 548 suspects arrested, this shows the seriousness of the illegal gun business on the Internet Yan said†. This year 2011 brings China annual Spring Festivals along with stricter enforcement of gun laws and other violent crimes to guarantee community safety while participating in holiday festivities. According to Xin (2010), in January 2011 there was an ambush of over a 100 people, who were armed with knives and steel pipes, by adversaries close to Xiaosongdi coal mine. The people were attacked with explosives and guns. China prohibits proprietorship of firearms and haves the recent hostility under investigation for probable supplier of guns and ammunitions. Strict Punishment Enforced China is considered to have the strictest punishment for crimes committed with the use of firearms. According to Areddy (2008), a man from Shanghai was given a sentence of 12 years and his wife received 11 years for having in their possession three guns and 600,000 bullets, and using the Internet to sell weapons (A17). Possession of firearms in China is punishable by a prison sentence of up to three years while a person responsible for committing a crime using a gun may be punished by execution. These punishments are believed to be responsible for the rare occurrence of gun crimes in China. The positive effect of strict punishment in enforcement of gun laws may however be exaggerated by security agencies not reporting all incidences of gun associated crimes. Conclusion Over the last decade, China has claimed to have the lowest gun associated violence per capita than any other country. A country that has such strict laws and stringent punishment should see a lot less crime. China is the largest manufacture of firearms, which if there is tight security within the factories could drastically reduce the amount of ammunitions sold on the black market. With the large amount of ammunitions confiscated during raids, the country’s Ministry of Public Safety needs to look within their security departments for the causes of increase crimes. This analysis should be on how to reduce the numbers of crimes with guns, the amount of ammunitions sold on the black market, and better control of items bought and sold over the internet. Information on the number of reported gun crimes should also be made public so as to increase awareness on these incidences. REFERENCES Anonymous. (2011). China intensifies crackdown on severe crimes around spring festival. BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific. Retrieved January 18, 2011, from ProQuest Newsstand. Anonymous, McClatchy. (2011). BRIEF: Three policemen killed in rare China  Shootout. Tribune Business News. Washington James T. Areddy.   (2008). Currents: Staring down the barrel: the rise of guns in China; in a nation that bans guns and celebrates them, armed criminals and hunters pose new problems for authorities. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. A17. Chinese police crack major Internet-enabled gun sales case. (2010). Xinhua News Agency-CEIS, Retrieved January 18, 2011, from Proquest Newsstand. Liu Xiu. (2010). Organized crime and the black economy in China Retrieved January  30, 2011 from http://www.securitytransformation.org/images/publications/173_Working_Paper_ Mitch Moxley. (2010). Strict Gun Control Laws Fail to Curb Violent Crime Chicago: Print News – IPS Inter Press Service. Retrieved January 13, 2011 from  Ã‚  http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=51921 Most deaths in SW Chinas mob fight bear gun wounds: police. (2010). Xinhua News Agency CEIS. Retrieved January 18, 2011, from ProQuest Newsstand. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anonymous. (2009). Chinese police seize 19,000 guns in stability drive ahead of national day.   BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific. Retrieved January 18, 2011, from ProQuest Newsstand. Haber, OdileHugonot. (2007). Israeli arms sales: Latin America, China, and beyond. Peace and   Freedom, Philadelphia, 67(2), Zhu Zhe. (2007, April 21). China Reiterates Stance on Gun Control. China Daily News. Retrieved January 13, 2011 from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2ent_856308.htm

A Jewish Reading of Milton Essay - 3143 Words

A Jewish Reading of Milton John Milton produced some of the most memorable Christian texts in English literature. Central pieces of Milton’s work, including Paradise Lost and Samson Agonistes, specifically allude to stories that Judaism and Christianity hold in common. Historically, the anti-monarchical regime Milton supported, under the leadership of Cromwell, informally allowed Jews back into England in 1655 after Edward I exiled them in 1290 (Trepp 151). Additionally, seventeenth-century British Christians looked increasingly to Jewish texts to understand their own religion (e.g. Robert Ainsworth and John Seldon), with Hebraic studies from German scholarship and Latin translations of Jewish texts entering during the†¦show more content†¦Werman concludes from various linguistic inaccuracies in Milton’s work that he used the Greek or newly available Latin translations of all Jewish sources except actual Hebrew Scripture and its Targum, the Aramaic translation (Werman 30-33). While sh e concurs with Rosenblatt that halakhic (legal) information came from fellow Christian Hebraist John Selden, she argues that Milton received aggadic midrash (non-legal commentary and extra-biblical legends) from Jewish authors (6). Werman also marshals considerable evidence of Milton’s sharp selectivity with sources. He preferred Josephus and Philo while dismissing Talmudic midrashim as Pharisaic fables (38-39). Werman even claims that Milton’s acceptance of a particular commentary depended less on its content and more on the source from which it came, citing examples of Talmudic midrash that Milton accepted because they were explained in Josephus (39). My topic primarily concerns Milton’s incorporation of Jewish subject matter into his own work, not with the linguistic or physical availability of Hebrew/Aramaic texts, and since Milton’s secondary sources usually provide reliable information, I do not address the source debate unless problems do arise . Before exploring Milton’s respect for Jewish commentary, however, readers should also appreciate the limits of this respect within its religious contexts. Some Miltonic agreement with JudaismShow MoreRelatedLiterary Masterpieces Matrix1186 Words   |  5 Pagesapproached this way; it also functions better as a foundation for your Learning Team paper—The Literary Masterpiece in Contemporary Society Paper—due in Week Five. Note. Ancient and classical literature are grouped together in the first weeks readings, but they are separated here to sharpen your understanding of the distinctions between the two periods. | |Thematic Focus |Literary Qualities |Shared Characteristics |Influence of Earlier | | Read MoreHistory of Photography: Annotated Bibliography1047 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve they are continuous and therefore moving. The expanded field includes television, gaming, and the Internet. 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Since Hitler wanted what was best for his country, he decided to quarantine the entire Jewish population and then m ove them into concentration camps. In the aftermath, over six million Jews were slaughtered because he believed it was the correct way to â€Å"purify† his country. Hitler did an excellent job giving his people self-confidence. Read More Imagination and the Holocaust Essay example2748 Words   |  11 Pagesdreaded names of the Holocaust. What if I imagined myself Mengele, placing myself at the head of the selection line? I refuse to imagine myself Mengele, but I can still sense what it is like to be him. He has borrowed a conductors wand from the Jewish band he forces to play during executions. Perhaps, he is hearing a Bach fugue in his mind as his conductors baton waves to the left and then to the right. He is deciding, perhaps, not only who will live and die but who among the living and dead will

Challenges Facing the Nontraditional Female Student Free Essays

There are many challenges that come with a college education for a nontraditional female student. These hurdles can have a negative effect on a college student or be the catalyst that drives them to succeed. A college degree can be an attainable goal for the nontraditional college student by accepting the challenges that come and staying true to the goal ahead. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges Facing the Nontraditional Female Student or any similar topic only for you Order Now The three articles that I will refer to are; â€Å"Inspiration from Home: Understanding Family as Key to Adult Women’s Self-Investment†, by Annemarie Vaccaro and Cheryl Lovell, â€Å"Good Times to Hard Times: An Examination of Adult Learners’ Enrollment from 2004-2010. by Sara B. Kimmel, Kristena P. Gaylor, M. Ray Grubbs J. Bryan Hayes, finally, â€Å"Nontraditional College Students: Assumptions, Perceptions and Directions for a Meaningful Academic Experience,† by Lakia Scott and Chance Lewis. These studies describe both the positive and negative challenges faced by the nontraditional student. First, the positive points are: â€Å"[i]n studies comparing traditional-age and adult learners, older students outperform young women,† and â€Å"adult women learners may experience a†¦ different and more positive transformation than their†¦younger†¦ counterparts† (162). Then other positive impacts are the gratification of going to college which increased skills, self- respect and personal freedom. Also, they write, â€Å"[i]n a sense, family was key to women’s inspiration to remain engaged in school. Earning a degree and†¦. family pride were strong motivators to invest in education. One way women were motivated by kin was the prospect of being the first person in their family to graduate from college†(168). These points are from the article, â€Å"Inspiration from Home† by Vacarro and Lovell. In the Scott and Lewis article, Nontraditional College†¦Ã¢â‚¬  found that â€Å"older learners are highly goal-oriented and expect feedback on assignments from their instructors, are likely to be active participants in their college courses† and â€Å"that older students will be more engaged†¦ persist longer, and even ask relevant questions when they are interested and motivated to learn about the subject† (2). Then there are negative challenges for the student as well. According to Hayes et al in their article â€Å"Good Times†¦,† some barriers to adult learners returning to college include personal and family commitments, financial limitations and a fear of returning to school (20). There have been numerous studies conducted with nontraditional age female students that state personal and work responsibilities are stressors that distract students. They purport that family and education are greedy institutions that are demanding of a woman’s time, attention and emotional strength. Also, it was found that many women do not have emotional support from family and receive not just negative reactions but downright hostility. There is a great chance that women will drop out of college because of the burdens that come with work, school and family (Vaccaro Lovell 162). In the article â€Å"Nontraditional College.. † Scott Lewis reference a study of college students over the age of 50 and they found â€Å"students age fifty and older†¦lack responsibility and motivation to study†¦compared to traditional students. † There has been an argument that the aging brain will not be able to absorb and learn college level courses (2). Then the financi al issue, â€Å"[f]irst generation students are more likely to come from poor, working-class, and lower-middle–class backgrounds†¦although juggling family and work was extremely difficult, working-class women†¦realized there were no other options†¦ women in this study worked full-time jobs† (Vaccaro Lovell 168). I concur that there are numerous positive and negative challenges confronting the female nontraditional student. The negative aspects are family demands interfering with the student’s time to study, the work obligation that conflicts with their schedule, or adult women students don’t have the motivation to do the necessary work assigned. Then there are financial ramifications of working a job while trying to attend college. On the other hand, the positive findings are that these learners are highly motivated, goal oriented people that want to achieve their college degree and become the first in their family to graduate from college. All these are very real issues that the adult student faces but if the student accepts these challenges and stays true to the goal ahead, a college degree is attainable. How to cite Challenges Facing the Nontraditional Female Student, Papers

Political Economy of International trade †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Political Economy of International trade. Answer: International trade has always been a subject to the politics of the nations that are involved. The exchange of goods and services between multiple countries depend on the various political policies that are impending in those nations (Frieden Lake, 2015). The international market for trade is huge and countries make huge money from such trades as they exchange the abundance produce with other countries for money or other services. For a nation to develop and progress on the economic front, it is essential for them to involve in the process of free trade so that the economy does not face any kind of stagnation and keeps growing. Trade of a nation depends on the political actions that are persistent in the country, it is essential for a country to have a pro-trade government and the relationship they share with other trading countries have to be good so that they can involve themselves in the various trading practices. The practice of free trade is one of the most important political factors that create the stage for a country to become an eminent player in the global trade arena. The liberalization of trade has been a feature that has been eminent in the global stage from the 1980s and hence the global trade market has kept growing since then (Dawson, 2015). The political scenario has changed since then and it is seen that the countries have become friendlier with each other as the political heads have realized the need for a good relationship as it will help in trade. However, it is seen that with passing time, there are a few countries that are moving away from the free trade and have started shifting towards political protectionism. The free trade has lead to the mixing up of cultures and has lead to the degradation of the ethnic cultures of the place. Due to the inflow of good from the foreign countries, it is seen that the local small producers are not getting any share of the market and the products they produce are being sold are low prices and they fac e huge loses (Irwin, 2015). People have moved away from the ethnic to the imported goods and the local producers are slowly moving out of business. Such a practice will lead to the economic situation of the country to fall and the number of unemployed to increase. The political theories of hegemonic stability and dependency theory have triggered the movement away from free trade for various countries as they have felt the need to preserve their own culture. Many a times it was seen that in the earlier days, it was the pressure from the various domestic groups to open up the market and the government complied to such demands but now the politics of trade has taken a turn and it is evident that all the positives and negatives are well evaluated before a decision is taken regarding the trade policies. Reference Dawson, L. (2015).Toward Free Trade in Canada: Five Things the Federal Government Can Do to Open Our Internal Market. Fraser Institute. Retrieved from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.730.3567rep=rep1type=pdf Frieden, J. A., Lake, D. A. (2015).World Politics: Interests, Interactions, Institutions: Third International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. ISBN 0393283526, 9780393283525 Irwin, D. A. (2015).Free trade under fire. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1400866189, 9781400866182

The American Revolution Essays (568 words) - Intolerable Acts

The American Revolution From 1763, Americans had only to be convinced that an arbitrary ruler-whether Parliament or King-was violating their inherent rights, to feel that rebellion was justified. This conviction was bred in them by the series of events that occurred between 1763 and 1776. The language used to protest the British Acts was legal, and political. But the primary cause of the Revolution is economics. In theory the colonists accepted the principle that natural laws rather than royal decrees should govern the economy. In practice only the southern colonies were bound to England by the tobacco trade. The New England and Middle Colonies, unable to find markets in Britain, found prosperity by trading outside the empire. Any attempt to stop this trade would lead to rebellion and consequentially ensued. The idea of mercantilism where the channelizing of all trade through England, was a restriction upon economic prosperity of the New England colony. The major cause for revolution within the economic theory is of economic subordination of colonies to England. The Grenville Ministry passed a number of acts, but the main act of provocation to the colonists was the stamp act. The stamp act was protested upon the principle of "no taxation without representation". The stamp act was affecting virtually all the colonists, and restricted economic prosperity, thus it was protested by colonists. The Townshend acts were also a factor in the economic theory, Sam Adams had said "The parliament was taxing illegally!", most colonists agreed, and a boycott of British goods resulted. When the British passed the Currency act, this left the paper money worthless, and the colonists had to rely (economically) on England for Hard Currency. The main reason for revolution was economics. The colonies were economically subordinate to England by the tea and coercive acts. The tea act was an act where the colonist middlemen merchants were being bypassed, and the trading was done by the British. This hurt the economic prosperity of the colonists, mobs had strengthened in anger and the Boston T.tea Party followed. The British were irate at the colonial resistance to british law, therefore the British passed the Coercive Act or "Intolerable Act". The Intolerable act closed off the Boston Port, which closed off the center of economic prosperity (trading) of New England. England was also limiting the colonists to raw material production, which hindered the colonists' economic prosperity. The main reason for the revolution was economic. Their are many other reasons that do not support the economic theory but support the political theories. The Proclamation of 1763 restricted the settlement west of the Appalachians. This was done because the British had wanted to avoid conflict with the Indians. The colonists perceived this as a illegal act of restricting the colonists to a specific area. The writs of assistance is an example of a political liberty being narrowed in abolishing the right of privacy for the colonists. Colonial ideology was also a constituent in how the colonists viewed England. The colonists saw a conspiracy to destroy their liberty in British policies. Thus, when the colonists were forming the Declaration of Independence, the main goal was to show the Americans' concern for the importance of liberty. The statement "The primary cause of the American Revolution is economics." is a very strong dictum which can be proved, but the American Revolution also was caused by a restriction of colonial liberty. The majority of the policies that affected the colonists between 1763 and 1776 were economic changes that limited the economic success of the colonies, furthermore, these policies also had negative political influences that led to the American revolution.

United States economy

United States economy Introduction The considerably biggest news in the past one week is the discussion over the economy of the United States. Though the economy has been a continuous issue in the media, the recent controversy that is associated with one of America’s most popular leader who has maintained his popularity amidst economic challenges makes this the greatest news for me in the past seven days.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on United States’ economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis Exposing the plight The extent to which media presents news shows a great deal of expertise as realized with the quality of journalism that is offered to the audience. Some of the features of the media include the capacity to supply a large population as realized with some of the media companies such as New York Times and the Washington post that are globally accessible even through the internet. The credibility of the media is also realized from the fact that the media groups occasionally present news of similar content creating the impression that the information from reliable original sources. The media is also driven by the need to present the audience with current subjects that affects the immediate needs of the audience (Environment 1). The news follows a wide dissatisfaction that is being registered among Americans over the deteriorating economic conditions in a majority of states. Though economic issues have always been attached to citizens’ attitude towards political leaders, president Obama remain to be the favorite candidate in a majority of currently conducted polls. This comes amidst reports of massive unemployment in the United States (Zengerle 1). Headlines New York Times The New York Times magazine was in the fore front of the media groups to continue with the analysis of the economic and political temperature. Under the headline ‘Analysis: Weak economy shadows Obama in bright areas’, a review of the economic issues such as unemployment are highlighted to reveal the people and the actual situation that they live in (Reuters 1). Citizens in states such as Virginia and Pennsylvania are for example reported to have given up on hopes of improvement in the economy. Unemployment is sighted as one of the main indicators of the weak economy. The New York Times also enlisted the consumer spending as a factor to the deteriorating economy. This indicator is for instance reported to have had a non positive trend for almost half a year.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This weakness in the economy which analysts claim is normally associated with support for presidential candidates is however not reflected in political views as Obama retains favoritism in opinion polls. This indicates the public’s perception that the economic situation is currently independent of political factors (New York 1). Washington post The Washington post had a similar concern over unemployment as revealed in their publication on 29th June, 2011. Thought the post expressed the fact that the economy has not adopted a positive trend, it reveals the fact that the president has been keen in seeking avenues to help in job creation amid admission that the economy was facing a crisis (Washington Post 1). Aljazeera The economic turmoil in America is equally expressed by other media such as Aljazeera that expresses America as well as other major world economies such as Britain to be facing strains that include budget deficits together with massive unemployment (Aljazeera 1). Conclusion The economy remains an important piece of news to every person because it directly affects people’s lives. Such presentations of the news will help is facilitating solution for the weak economy whether through political or economic approaches. Aljazeera. Tha t stalling feeling. Al Jazeera, 2011. Web. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/06/2011621135734145477.html Environment. Characteristics, strengths weaknesses – mass media. Environment, 2011. Web. environment.nsw.gov.au/community/edproject/section414.htmAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on United States’ economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More New York. Analysis- weak economy shadows Obama even in bright areas. New York Times, 2011. Web. nytimes.com/reuters/2011/06/30/us/news-us-usa-campaign-unemployment.html?scp=10sq=st=nyt Washington Post. Obama: Congress should extend payroll tax cut, take other measures to boost job growth. Washington Post, 2011. Web. washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/obama-congress-should-extend-payroll-tax-cut-take-other-measures-to-boost-job-growth/2011/06/29/AG7vGmqH_story.html Zengerle, Patricia. (2011). Analysis- weak economy shadows Obama even in bright areas. UK Reuters, 2011. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/30/uk-usa-campaign-unemployment-idUKTRE75T0QR20110630

The Top 10 Secrets Nurses Never Tell Their Patients

The Top 10 Secrets Nurses Never Tell Their Patients Nursing is a tough job and doesn’t get enough credit. Nurses go through a lot and that doesn’t come without developing their own fair share of secrets. Here are 10 secrets nurses never tell their patients:

Reflaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflaction - Essay Example ders arises from innocent diet and life decisions and goals, only to result in anorexia that requires months of intervention from hospitals and outpatient psychotherapy to get back to old self. However, anorexia is preventable by the avoiding consumer culture described by Jhally, and unconditionally embracing self and learning to honor and love of our bodies (579). Riley acknowledges that negative body image, like that experienced by Chernik during teenage, is common among girls and young women, especially White, as they continually become dissatisfied with their bodies. However, the black woman is not so much into weight losing but into independence, intelligence and self-confident implying that weight losing is only a priority when there is need to lose it after which one can get back to old lifestyles. I am angered by Riley’s approach of living that focuses more on identifying the body she wanted to be in and working out to get just it and the doing nothing to sustain it, thus encouraging bulimia nervosa. Like the anorexia Nervosa patient, the blacks suffering from bulimia only react to weigh loss calls when obese and seek positive body image (230). Like Chernik and Riley, Coward argues that feminism today emphasizes life-threatening slimness that sees the young and old conflict with their bodies as they search for fashionable slimness through elimination of problem areas (345). Considering Coward’s argument, I am inspired to think that whether one ends up being anorexic or non-bulimic, the goal is to get rid of excessive fat in the body especially around the stomach, bosoms, and legs (346). The implication is that women negatively connote the perfect well-rounded female body in search of sexually immature adolescent figure. Though married, Bergman is wants to lose weight and attain the perfect female body her own style and would be gland if it would involve a surgery to get that desired body. Unlike Chernik and Riley, she would only have surgery to

248789_diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

248789_diversity - Essay Example not only includes the traditional categories of race and gender but also people with disabilities, gays & lesbians and other non-traditional categories considered having â€Å"diversity of thought† or those from the different disciplines, college degrees, socio-economic backgrounds etc. It was Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. who inspired the concept of diversity when he advocated that people should be judged by their character, not by the color of their skin. This propelled lawmakers to come up with laws that provide equal opportunity to all. (MOR BARAK, M. E., 2000) These laws have been designed protect anyone from being discriminated against by reason of sex, marital status, ethnic or national origin, color, race, nationality, age, disability, religion, and differing terms of employment, including pay for jobs of equal value. As of now, an escalating number of European firms are implementing diversity and equality strategies; not only for principled and legal reasons but also for the trade benefits they are anticipated to deliver. Amongst the most imperative of these benefits are enhanced employee recruitment and employee retention from a broad pool of superior quality workforce, better corporate icon and repute, better innovation and improved promotion opportunities. The term â€Å"Equal opportunity† refers to a situation where a person is entitled to equal access in society. â€Å"Equal opportunities approach† is premised on the principle that all people are eligible to avail certain rights or privileges like education, employment, health care or other welfare services without any discrimination or any preference. Different organizations now apply various equal opportunity practices which consist of a number of means adopted to provide fair conditions for all their members in the process of employment and work. (GILL KIRTON, A. M. G., 2000) This current trend of the embracing of diversity has given birth to the concept of â€Å"the inclusive

Gender Differences in Classroom Behaviour

Gender Differences in Classroom Behaviour Investigating the differences in classroom behaviour across the genders Introduction: In recent decades there has been an increasing focus on gender differences in an educational context. During the 1970s and 1980s, feminist research on gender and education was motivated by concern at the underachievement, and marginalization, of girls (Francis and Skelton, 2001, p.1). This had been largely due to the different subjects that boys and girls studied, and it was not until the introduction of the National Curriculum which saw boys and girls studying the same subjects for the first time, that the extent of girls’ relative success was revealed (Arnot et al., 1999). Recent years have seen something of a pendulum swing with boys now being a focus for concern. Younger et al. observed in key stage two children a ‘marked disparity between the attainment of boys and girls in English’ with 83 % of girls attaining level 4 in 2004 compared with 72% of boys (Younger et al., 2005, p.20). There is, however inconsistency in the research with Myhill suggesting that not all boys are underachieving and neither are all girls academic success stories (Myhill, 2002). The nature of gender in the education is a difficult effect to isolate since class, race and gender are inevitably interrelated and it is difficult to disentangle the individual effect (MacGilchrist, et al., 2006, p.62) and therefore say conclusively that differences in attainment levels are due to gender alone. The aim of this paper is to investigate the differences in behaviour in respect of gender in the school setting, by looking at the nature of the differences, possible explanations and strategies which teachers can use in the classroom to address these problems, particularly in respect of boys’ underachievement. Theories of Gender Development: That there are patterns of behaviour and social organisation that differ according to sex/gender is not in doubt (Francis, 2006, p.8). There are many theories as to why this is the case, some regarding differences as due to the different biological nature of men and women while others argue that there are environmental reasons for the differences, the dichotomy of nature versus nurture (Rose, 2001, p.256). The idea of gender differences has been taken up by feminist theorists who have argued that that femininity is culturally constructed (Weiner, 1994), as is masculinity (Mac an Ghaill, 1994). Innate Differences: This is the belief that the sexes are inherently different. Evolutionary biologists see differences in gender as having their roots in our genetic make up, stretching back for many generations. Findings from research by Professor John Stein in connection with his work in the context of dyslexia, indicates that boys brains are generally slower to develop. It is therefore not logical to have the same expectations from boys and girls when they come to school for the first time (Scott, 2003, p.84). In recent years many biologists and neuroscientist have been critical of the evolutionary approach (Francis, 2006, p.9), leading to the idea that gender specific behaviour is socially constructed, shaped by a number of factors including culture and the environment. Role Theories: Role theories suggest that gender characteristics are constructed by observing the ways in which other people adopt typical gender roles, being rewarded for engaging in appropriate behaviour and punished in some way when they do not (Gregory, 1969). Proponents of these theories suggest that girls learn how to be girls by watching demure, feminine behaviour, characteristic of girls, while boys learn to be boisterous and tough. These are images that are portrayed to children by a variety of people in their lives, their parents and carers, their teachers, their siblings and reinforced through the media. School is an important arena for the observation of roles and a school policy concerning equal opportunities must reflect an awareness of this. Views on Children’s Acquisition of Gender Knowledge: Skelton and Francis have identified two views on how children acquire their knowledge about gender: Social learning theories which propose that gender identity is learned by children modelling their behaviour on same sex members of their family, peer group, local community as well as the gender stereotypes seen on books and on television; Cognitive development theorists, such as Lawrence Kohlberg, who suggest that a child’s understanding of their gender identity as opposed to their biological sex depends on their stage of cognitive development, their intellectual age. (Skelton and Francis, 2003, p.12). Environmental Factors: It has been suggested that boys and girls are shaped differently by their environment because of the different ways in which they respond to it. Gilligan proposes that girls tend to analyse situations before coming to decisions whereas boys are more likely to stick to rules that they have applied in previous situations. Gilligan suggests that these differences in reaction are as a result of differences in cognitive styles rather than abilities (Gilligan, 1982), but can impact on outcomes in respect of attainment. Environmental factors have been shown to have an effect on children’s attitudes to and performance at school. Home background and parental levels of educational attainment and expectation have been shown to be factors in the different levels of attainment of boys and girls in school. Research presented by Brooker showed that, while boys and girls did not have any marked differences in ability levels on entry to school, over the course of a year girls made more progress than boys. She found that the most successful group were those who came from large families where they had a lot of home support from their siblings (Brooker, 2002, p. 159). Girls typically work more collaboratively, engaging in more socially constructed activities, enhancing learning in the process. Boys from some ethnic minorities have been shown to be under performing against all other educational groups. This has been attributed to peer group pressure, with an anti achievement culture believed to be operating among some black teenage boys. This manifests itself in their disrupting schoolwork and generating a low level of expectation among themselves (Aslop and Hicks, 2001, p.148). The school environment plays an important part in the development of gender attitudes. While it was thought that gender stereotypes would be reinforced by single sex schools, research has shown this not to be the case. When brought together in co educational settings, both boys and girls made more sex stereotypical choices despite a greater variety of facilities. It would therefore appear that co education increases differentiation between the sexes (Leonard, 2006, p.194). Gender Differences in School: With an increasing belief that gender is socially constructed, has come an awareness that school is one of the social contexts in which gender appropriate behaviour is defined and constructed (Myhill and Jones, 2006, p.100). The most prominent area for concern has been the development of gendered behaviour leading to the disengaged or alienated male in school. His behaviour, general unruliness and lack of interest are seen as dominating classroom life (Gray and McLellan, 2006, p.652). Many teachers show a strong belief in gender differences, believing them to influence attitudes to school, motivation, maturity, responsibility, behaviour and identification with the school ethos (Arnot and Gubb, 2001). It has been shown that because so many primary school teachers are female, they have not been trained in how boys and girls learn differently (Gurian, 2002, p.126) and traditional teaching styles adopted may favour the learning dispositions of girls. Expectations: Teacher expectations are an important factor in achievement. If teachers have high expectations, pupils will be highly motivated to learn and succeed (Aslop and Hicks, 2001, p.148). In respect of boys’ underachievement, evidence has tended to note that teachers have low expectations about boys’ levels of academic achievement (Myhill and Jones, 2006, p.101), research supported in a study by Younger and Warrington that demonstrated that teachers tended to underestimate boys’ achievement at GCSE level, while girls’ achievement tended to be overestimated (Younger and Warrington, 1996). Teachers have been shown, in addition to having low expectations of boys, to take advantage of girls, enlisting them as allies in the battle to â€Å"police, teach, control and civilise boys† (Epstein et al., 1998). It is incumbent on schools therefore to have high expectations for boys and to have mechanisms for transmitting this information to the students and developing high expectations. They must also have a focus on not using girls a pseudo teachers, allowing them to develop an appropriate role in the classroom in the context of their peers. Perceptions of Boys and Girls: In studies of primary schools differences have been shown in the ways in which teachers perceived boys and girls. Girls have traditionally been viewed as co operative and conscientious workers with boys being viewed as dominant, demanding but rewarding to teach. Boys have traditionally been viewed as requiring more effort to teach but at the same time having more ability (Skelton and Francis, 2003, p.8). Boys and Underachievement: Changes in educational policy in recent years can lead to boys feeling devalued because, in the early years, especially, they find themselves in a world of learning lacking in masculine figures. Research has also shown that girls have a lack of confidence, even when performing well in comparison with boys (Gray and McLellan, 2006, p.653). The challenge is therefore to re-engage boys in the learning process through appropriate activities and motivation and to develop greater degrees of self esteem in girls. The extraordinary academic progress of girls in recent years has been associated with two features; girls’ continuing advantage in English and their improvement in mathematics and science (Arnot et al., 1999, p.16). As noted above, Gilligan has presented evidence that boys and girls may react to their environment in different ways, but what causes concern for teachers and educators is that maths and science have traditionally been male domains, which now boys are not performing as well in as they have done in the past. Gipps and Murphy expand on this point by suggesting that this should be borne in mind by those who set and mark test papers in order to take into account the different approaches students may adopt when answering questions (Gipps and Murphy, 1994). Schools must give consideration to the strategies being employed to facilitate boys’ learning. Research carried out by Daniels et al. in the context of special education suggests that girls give each other a great deal of help and support, not something often seen in boys. They speculate that this may have at least three important consequences: It can help reduce the amount of extra support required by girls from their teachers as they are getting a lot of this from their peers; The support is likely to be appropriate because the peers know exactly what type of ‘scaffold’ is needed to facilitate learning; The person giving the support can consolidate their own learning by giving support and teaching someone else. (Daniels et al., 1996). Girls have also been shown to give considerable help and attention to boys, helping them by providing equipment and helping them with their homework (Thorne, 1993), reiterating the idea of girls acting as pseudo teachers in the class. Although there is a lot of individual variation amongst males and females, male students of all ages tend to dominate discussions, to make more direct and directive comments to their partners and generally to adopt more ‘executive’ roles in problem solving (Mercer, 2001, p.196). Working with Boys in the Classroom: While girls have been perceived as being hard working in the class, it has been argued that peer group pressure among boys makes it difficult for them to slot into this role. Popularity among ones peers and working hard at school can be seen as mutually incompatible and may result in boys being bullied or excluded from friendship groups (Frosh et al., 2002). The issue in respect of how boys behave in the classroom has been a further area of controversy with arguments ranging from boys being treated less favourably than girls through to boys causing disruption to a degree that hampers learning for other children, but there is evidence to suggest that, regardless of the nature of the interaction, whether positive or negative, teachers do engage more with boys than they do with girls (La France, 1991). Some of the reasoning behind boys underachievement has been questioned. Biddulph, (1998, cited in MacNaughton, 2006, p.140) has suggested that while boys are often accused of not listening in class, the reality is that they suffer from growing spurts that have an adverse affect on their ear canals. MacNaughton questions the fact that if this is the case for boys, then surely the same must be true for girls (MacNaughton, 2006, p.141), suggesting that the physiological explanations do not provide an adequate explanation. There has been a great deal of concern for many years about boys’ behaviour in schools, having been expressed as early as 1930 by Brerton who commented â€Å"Many girls will work at a subject they dislike. No healthy boy ever does!† (Brerton, 1930, p.95). A major factor that has come to light in a great deal of the research concerning boy’s disaffection with school is that fact that it is multifaceted in its nature, with gender being only one of a number of factors. Bob Connell is among a number of researchers who ahs pointed this out writing, â€Å"The making of masculinities in schools is far from the simple learning of norms. It is a process of multiple pathways, shaped by class and ethnicity, producing diverse outcomes.† (Connell, 2000, p.164). Research presented by Marland suggested that teachers treated boys and girls differently and in doing so amplified society’s stereotypes (Marland, 1983). Research in gender and education has highlighted the negative consequences of the construction of masculinity for many boys in education, with many boys coming into conflict with teachers and other authorities (Skelton, 2001). Some theorists have suggested that this could be addressed by having greater concentrations of male teachers in schools. Thornton and Bricheno have countered this, presenting evidence that greater concentrations of male teachers actually leads to poorer discipline in schools (Thornton and Bricheno, 2002, cited in Skelton and Francis, 2003, p.7). Assessing Children’s Perceptions: As with all other teaching and learning that goes on in the school setting, schools must begin the development of the equal opportunity policy in respect of gender by ascertaining the views that the children have, addressing misconceptions, planning what they want to achieve and developing a programme to facilitate this. Skelton suggests that in order to do this the school should begin by asking the following four questions: What images of masculinity and femininity are the children bringing with them into school and what types are they acting out in the classroom and playground? What are the dominant images of masculinity and femininity that the school itself reflects to the children and are these what the school wishes to present? What kinds of role model does the school want and expect of its teachers? What kinds of initiatives/strategies/projects should teachers be undertaking with children to question gender categories? (Skelton, 2001). A Europe wide study carried out by Smith and Gorard revealed that boys in several European countries in general felt that they were treated less favourably than girls but the feelings were strongest among boys in the United Kingdom (Smith and Gorard, 2002, cited in Myhill and Jones, 2006, p.102). This is a finding that is echoed throughout the research literature (Wing, 1999; Francis, 2000). Gender and Mathematics: Recent decades have seen a shift in emphasis from the focus on girls’ underachievement in mathematics, towards generic ideas concerning mathematics and gender. Research has been carried out by the Girls and Mathematics Unit (Lucey et al., 2003, p.55) has proposed that the characteristics of an ideal mathematics learner is a child who is active, keen to explore and investigate new challenges, ideas central to constructivist theories of learning where learners build on what they know already to assimilate new concepts. It has been argued that these are in fact characteristics more often associated with boys, rather then being gender neutral, suggesting that the ideal child is, in fact an ideal boy (Adams and Walderdine, 1986). Concerns in respect of a general decline in mathematics led to the adoption of a National Numeracy Strategy. Research has suggested that girls like to work in an investigative way, keen to learn about new things rather than just getting the correct answer, skills that are fostered by the move towards an approach which focuses on learning about learning and developing strategies for developing mathematical skills and explanations. Clark argues that boys and girls have different ways of exerting their power in the classroom, boys using direct methods such as dominating the classroom dynamics and interacting to a greater degree with the teacher, while girls employ more subtle methods for asserting themselves through working hard and being co operative (Clark 1990), which in turn helps their attainment (Walden and Walkerdine, 1986, p.125), a consequence of their spending more time directly on task. Lucey at al. suggest, that in the context of whole class teaching, in order for all children to experience success, teachers need to avoid lessons becoming an arena for confident children. They argue that a better use of lesson time is to allow children to work at their own pace, in group or pair contexts, where pupils are allowed to develop their own skills, explore a variety of strategies, and at the same time, develop confidence and self esteem. Gender and Literacy: As mentioned above, girls have been performing better than boys in respect of literacy, giving it a central role in the debate about gender and schooling in recent years. Boys’ underachievement in this area has been well documented. In her book Differently Literate, Millard proposed reasons for this, citing one of the main ones as the fact that bots and girls have interests in different aspects of literacy. She argued that boys were largely discriminated against in the school setting where many of the texts available are not related to boys’ interests. The National Literacy Strategy was introduced in 1998, one of the main ideas of which was critical literacy, an idea that texts do not stand alone, but that they are socially constructed making them useful in developing critical literacy skills in respect of gender roles (Marsh, 2003, p. 73). The fact that gender roles are embedded in many of these texts provides opportunities for the challenge of stereotypes by children. This is essential in developing the understanding necessary for overcoming them. Gender and Science: The 1990s saw science become one of the success stories in the primary curriculum, following a number of attempts to reduce sex specific behaviours in science and technology. The research concerning children’s perceptions in science has been mixed. Drawing a scientist has been employed as way of ascertaining children’s perceptions. Some studies have shown that children have developed less gendered ideas about scientists and therefore science while other research has suggested that children’s attitudes have not really changed very much (Reiss, 2003, p.82). The nature of science and its subject matter has been the subject of debate in the gender context. While single and mixed sex groupings have both been shown to be effective in teaching and learning in science in some respects, what has been identified as more important is the teacher’s attitudes in respect of gender equity, preferably in the context of a whole school approach to gender issues in science. It is important to facilitate the development of diverse ideas with respect to scientific concepts and to have assessment systems which are fair. Addressing the Issues: Head states the implication of gender research for teachers is that if girls and boys: â€Å"prefer different learning procedures then teachers should be flexible in their choice of teaching and assessment methods. But these gender differences are not absolute, there is considerable overlap between the two sexes and considerable variation within one group. A flexible approach to pedagogy should therefore be of general benefit to the school population.† (Head, 1996, p.68). It has been recognised that children work hard to demonstrate their gender identity, not being easily swayed by alternative images (Francis, 1998). Schools do have a responsibility to ensure that they have a policy on sex discrimination, and must ensure that it is being properly implemented. In the light of the evidence presented by Francis (above) and others, it is not sufficient for teachers to present alternative views for children. The approach must be more proactive with children being given opportunities to actively challenge stereotypical views that they may hold. The role of the teacher in facilitating gender awareness and equality in the classroom cannot be overestimated. Teachers should avoid using stereo typical language pertaining to gender, should use reading and teaching materials which can be interrogated in respect of gender, and should foster attitudes pertaining to equal opportunities and inclusion in the classroom. Skelton and Francis suggest that this can be achieved in the primary classroom through an active challenge of gender stereotypes, including the following activities: Teachers should ensure that they are involved in a full range of activities in the classroom, paying particular attention that they are not avoiding areas in the classroom traditionally associated with the opposite sex, such as male teachers avoiding the home corner and female teachers avoiding the construction toys; Children should be presented with a range of play and learning activities in which they can be encouraged to challenge gender stereotypes; Teachers should take opportunities, as and when they arise, to discuss issues pertaining to gender, through the use of appropriate materials; When boys or girls are dominating particular play areas or activities, that can be challenged through the use of circle time or class discussion. The teacher can play a role in challenging behaviour through the use of open ended questioning such as â€Å"can boys and girls play together with blocks, do you think that of you worked together you could make something better than you can on your own?† In this way the teacher can be encouraging children to be reflective about their roles in the class and in society generally; Teachers need to help children in the development of skills with which they may not normally associate themselves. (Skelton and Francis, 2003, p.17-18). Conclusion: The growing body of literature on masculinities and femininities in education has advanced our understandings of the complex ways in which boys and girls construct and negotiate their identities within schools (Jackson, 2006, p.xiv). Research supports the view that pupils take up various positions with respect to attitudes to schooling but, while identifying the existence of clearly gendered pupil types, it challenges the simplistic notions about how boys and girls may differ (Gray and McLellan, 2006, p.654). Many of the practices recommended in schools’ equal opportunities policies to redress gender inequalities have done little, if anything, to change the way in which boyhood and girlhood is perceived and judged by adults as well as acted out by children in the primary classroom (Francis and Skelton, 2003, p.13). Research has demonstrated that, despite their improved achievement, many facets of girls’ educational experience remain negatively affected by the masculine values and expectations reflected in educational institutions (Francis and Skelton, 2001, p.3). Evidence that has been presented in respect of girls outstripping boys in terms of school achievement has not gone unchallenged, with Gorard et al. suggesting that data presented masks the fact that exam performance has increased for both boys and girls on a yearly basis, and the statistical information has, in any case, been misinterpreted (Gorard et al., 1999). The boys’ underachievement debate has been cri ticised because of the narrow parameters of the argument where it has been suggested that all boys, irrespective of social class, ethnicity and so on are underachieving (Francis and Skelton, 2001, p.165). It is essential that schools develop policies which take a holistic view of inclusion and equal opportunities in respect of gender. These must be implemented and their success evaluated, and efforts made to re-engage boys in the education process. References: Adams, C. and Walkerdine, V. (1986) Investigating Gender in the Primary School. London: ILEA. Alsop, S. and Hicks, K. 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